APA (American Psychological Association) is an author/date referencing style that is commonly used in the RCSI School of Nursing.
Citations: Source material must be documented in the body of the text (paper/project) by citing the author(s) and date(s) of the sources.
References: appear listed at the end of the essay/dissertation giving complete details of all the works referenced in the text.
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Example of in text citations: If the author's surname is part of the sentence you only put the date in brackets: (Date of publication) In a study by Smith (1997) coping with illness was investigated... or According to Smith (1997) coping with illness... If the author's surname is not part of the sentence you put the author's surname and date in brackets: (Name, Date or publication) The skills and expertise required to reflect effectively are often misunderstood and are poorly developed (Johns, 2002).
When you have more than two authors of one article or book, use et al. (et al. with a full stop after al) Traynor, Boland, Buus (2010) identify the implications for practice... [Use as first citation in text.] Traynor et al. (2010) identify the implications for practice... [Use as subsequent citation thereafter.] Another approach Additional implications for practice have been identified... (Traynor et al., 2010)... [et al. followed by comma and year] |
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References (at end of paper) Arrange entries in alphabetical order by the surname of the first author followed by initials of the author’s given name.
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Reference elements |
Author / Year / Title / Place of publication / Publishers |
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Reference |
Murray, P.R., Rosenthal, K.S., & Pfaller, M.A. (2009). Medical microbiology. Philadelphia, PA.: Mosby Elsevier. |
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Reference elements |
Author / Year of Publication / Book title / Edition/ Place of publication / Publisher / Available : www... |
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| Reference | Foley, K.M., Gelband, H. (2001). Improving palliative care for cancer. Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press, Retrieved April 9, 2019 from www.nap.edu/books/0309074029/html/ |
| Reference elements |
Author / Year / Title of Chapter / Editor / Title of book / Page numbers / Place of publication / Publishers |
| Reference | Eagan, S. M. (2018). Ebola response and mandatory quarantine in the US military. In D.Messelken & D.Winkler (Eds.), Ethical Challenges for Military Health Care Personnel (pp. 132-143). Cornwall, UK: TJ International Ltd |
| Reference elements | Author / Year / Article title / Journal Name / Volume (Issue) / Page Numbers |
| Reference | McCutcheon H. & Pincombe J. (2001). Intuition: an important tool in the practice of nursing. Journal of Advanced Nursing. 35(3), 342–348. |
| Reference elements | Author / Year / Title / Report No. / Location:Publisher/ Retrieved from Agency name website: http://www.xx |
| Corporate author, government report | U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, National Institutes for Health, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute. (2003). Managing asthma: A guide for schools (NIH Publication No. 02-2650). Retrieved from http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/prof/lung/asthma/asth_sch.pdf |
| Corporate, task force report filed online | American Psychological Association, Task Force on the Sexualization of Girls. (2007). Report of the APA Task Force on the Sexualization of Girls. Retrieved from http://www.apa.org/pi/wpo/sexualization.html |
| Authored report, from nongovernmental organization | Kessy, S.S.A., & Urio, F.M. (2006). The contribution of microfinance institutions to poverty reduction in Tanzania (Research Report No. 06.3). Retrieved from Research on Poverty Alleviation website: http://www.repoa.or.tz/documens_storage/Publications/Reports/06.3_Kessy_and_Urio.pdf |
| Reference elements | Author / Year / Title / Form of Work / University/ Location / Retrieved from |
| Reference | Claro, T. (2012). Molecular mechanisms underlying staphylococcal induced osteomyelitis. (PhD Thesis). RCSI, Dublin, Ireland. Retrieved April 9, 2019 from http://epubs.rcsi.ie/phdtheses/60 |
| Reference elements | Author/Owner of the Image / Year / Title [type of image] / Retrieved Month Day Year / from: http://www … |
| Reference | Southern California Orthopedic Institute. Fracture of the Talus [image], Retrieved November 4, 2019 from: https://www.scoi.com/specialties/ankle-doctor |
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Reference elements |
Author / Year / Title / Publishers |
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Reference |
Rasmussen, E. J. (2009). Employment relations in New Zealand (2nd ed.). Pearson |
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This is clearly indicated in Figure 1,... |
Reference elements
Author / Year / Article Title / Journal Title / Issue / Volume / Pages
Reference
Jahan, N., & Rahman, S. (2016). Factors that obstruct tourism development in Bangladesh. CLEAR International Journal of Research in Commerce & Management, 7(9), 48–55.
In text citation:
| This is clearly indicated in Figure 1,... |
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Reference elements |
Author / Year / Title / Type of Publication / Database |
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Reference |
EconData. (2019). Hong Kong: visitor arrivals Jan 1996–Jul 2019 [Graph]. EMED Emerging Asia database.
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In text citation:
| This is clearly indicated in Figure 1,... |
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Reference elements |
Author / Year / Title / Website URL |
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Reference |
Department of Conservation. (n.d.). Sirocco the kākāpō conservation superstar. https://www.doc.govt.nz/nature_kakapo/sirocco |
In text citation:
| This is clearly indicated in Figure 1,... |
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Reference elements |
Author / Year / Title / Publishers |
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Reference |
Rasmussen, E. J. (2009). Employment relations in New Zealand (2nd ed.). Pearson. |
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This is clearly indicated in Table 1,... |
Reference elements
Author / Year / Article Title / Journal Title / Issue / Volume / Pages / DOI
Reference
Kim, M., Sudhir, K., Uetake, K., & Canales, R. (2019). When salespeople manage customer relationships: Multidimensional incentives and private information. Journal of Marketing Research, 56(5), 749–766. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022243719847661
In text citation:
| This is clearly indicated in Table 1,... |
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Reference elements |
Author / Year / Title / Type of Publication / Database |
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Reference |
Roy Morgan New Zealand. (2015). Percentage of men and women who have bought fruit and vegetable products in the last four weeks, April- December, 2015 [Table]. Roy Morgan Single Source New Zealand.
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In text citation:
| This is clearly indicated in Table 1,... |
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Reference elements |
Author / Year / Title / Type of Publication / Website URL |
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Reference |
Statistics New Zealand. (2016). Percentage of New Zealand population who have never worked, June 2016 quarter [Table]. http://www.stats.govt.nz/browse_for_stats/income-and-work/employment_and_unemployment/people-never-worked.aspx |
In text citation:
| This is clearly indicated in Table 1,... |
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Reference elements |
Author / Year / Title / Type of Publication / Platform / URL |
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Reference |
Mpofu, C. (2019). HEAL504 Lifespan Development and Communication: Adolescence/teens [Course notes]. Moodle. https://vle.rcsi.com/course/view.php?id=666 |
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Reference elements |
Author / Year / Title / Type of Publication / Platform / URL |
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Reference |
Mpofu, C. (2019). HEAL504 Lifespan Development and Communication: Adolescence/teens [PowerPoint slides]. Moodle. https://vle.rcsi.com/course/view.php?id=666 |
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Reference elements |
Author of AI tool / Year of tool release / Title of the tool (version) / Type of Publication / Description / URL |
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Reference |
OpenAI. (2023). ChatGPT (Mar 14 version) [Large language model]. https://chat.openai.com/chat |
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OpenAI (2023) generated the following response when... |
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...that indicates a limitation of the software (OpenAI, 2023). |
This guide is based on the following source:
Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association (6th ed.). (2009). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
The 7th Edition is available in York St and Beaumont Libraries - search the Primo Library Catalogue and select the Books and E-books option.
The APA provides an online guide to the 7th edition which includes a list of over 100 reference examples in the APA style.